الحمد لله نحمده ونستعينة ونستغفره، ونعوذ بالله من شرور أنفسنا، ومن سيئات أعمالنا ، وأشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له ، وأشهد أن سيدنا محمداً عبده ورسوله ، اللهم صلِّ وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه  ومن تبعه إلى يوم الدين

As preference to this talk, I am not discussing the use of science to explain to the Quran, but I am proposing to use the Quran to promote studying and excelling in all branches of sciences.

In a previous talk, I discussed “The reason for the Decline of the Muslims” and stated that the reason for the decline of Muslims is that we have failed to properly teach the Quran and thus we have not taken advantage of outstanding teaching tool that Allah embedded in it to expand the cognitive Capacity of the Muslim youth.   Having superior cognitive capacity is essential to truly serve Allah by being true guardians over the universe that He created for us. We cannot be true guardian over the universe unless we can identify all the laws of the universe that Allah established and these laws don’t change, as Allah said:

 فَهَلۡ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَّا سُنَّتَ ٱلۡأَوَّلِينَۚ فَلَن تَجِدَ لِسُنَّتِ ٱللَّهِ تَبۡدِيلاً۬ۖ وَلَن تَجِدَ لِسُنَّتِ ٱللَّهِ تَحۡوِيلاً (٤٣)

“Haven’t they looked at by the Sunnah with earlier people? So, you never find in Allah’s Sunnah any change, and you will never find in Allah’s sunnah any diversion.” (Fatir 35:43)

The Quran has about 77,000 words, the whole Quran can be written in about 300 pages.   within these 300 pages, Allah presented many serious topics such as Aqida (creed/beliefs), Sharia (laws), history, social science, natural science, etc.  Imam Abu Hamed Al-Ghazali (ابو حامد محمد الغزالي‎) as well as Imam Abu Bakr al-Arabi (ابو بكر العربى), the Maliki Imam suggested that the Quran encompasses over 70,000 forms of knowledge.  To achieve this extent of knowledge in few pages, Allah uses words whose meaning and the information derived from them depend on the seriousness of the reader, level of education and the knowledge available at the time.  As the human knowledge expand, the meaning of the verses of the Quran expands. The Prophet (PBUH) described the attributes of Quran by saying:

وَلاَ يَشْبَعُ مِنْهُ الْعُلَمَاءُ، وَلاَ يَخْلُقُ عَلى كَثْرَةِ الرّدّ، وَلاَ تَنْقَضَي عَجَائِبُهُ،

The scholars will always be hungry to study it. Its responses do not need replenishment and its wonders will never cease.

Excluding the verses that discuss Islamic Aqida and basis Shariah for which the Quran uses very conscious words that do not require any interpretation and thus their meanings are clear and independent of time and place, all other knowledge in the Quran expands as human knowledge advances and thus Muslims will be able derive better understanding of the knowledge in the Quran by time. Some may fear that trying to interpret the Quran using scientific knowledge that can change will harm the Quran.  This fear is unjustified as long as one does not force a scientific theory on the Quran when the words of the divine text do not permit it, after all the Quran was reveled in Arabic.  But I am not proposing using scientific knowledge to validate the Quran.  I am proposing to use the Quran to encourage the development of scientific knowledge.   

Let me give an example to illustrate how the words of the Quran can be used to derive scientific knowledge and even correct existing scientific discoveries. Allah states in surat Al-Dhariat that He is expanding the heaven and the term heaven is this context means the known universe:

وَٱلسَّمَآءَ بَنَيۡنَـٰهَا بِأَيۡيْدٍ۬ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ (٤٧)

“We have built the heaven (universe) with might, and indeed We are expanding it.” (Al-Dhariyat 51:47) 

In 1922, Einstein developed the general relativity field equations that describe a homogeneous and isotropic universe and predicted that the universe is stationary. A foolish person will say the Quran contradicts science and start attacking the Quran.  A serious Muslim would not accept Einstein solution because the verse in the Quran clearly states that the universe is expanding. This should encourage the serious Muslim to search more on the subject to assess whether he can find an error in Einstein’s solution.  When he studies the subject, he will discover that Einstein introduced a cosmological constant λ that predicted that the universe is stationary while the actual solution of Einstein without this constant shows that the universe is expanding.  Einstein introduced the cosmological constant λ because he wanted his prediction to be consistent with the common knowledge at his time of a stationary universe.  

The secret of the Quran lies in its methodology that can only be gained by those who bonder and reflect on every word in it. This is what Allah commands from the reader.  Allah demanded that the reader must ponder, deliberate, contemplate and analyze the verses of the Quran as He said: 

 كِتَابٌ أَنْزَلْنَاهُ إِلَيْكَ مُبَارَكٌ لِيَدَّبَّرُوا آيَاتِهِ وَلِيَتَذَكَّرَ أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ  )ص (

“(This is) a Book which We have sent down to you, full of blessings that they should ponder over its Verses, and those endowed with understanding may remember. “(Sad 38:29)

The Quran challenges Muslims to think, reflect and analyze because only through thinking, reflection and analysis, technological progress of the society can be achieved. 

In this talk, I plan to, inshallah, present certain verses from the Quran and suggest that you challenge your children or grandchildren who are in Junior and high school to search for their answers.  The answer will not be in books of Tafseer but in the advanced science literature.   This should convince your students that studying mathematics, science and history is part of their worship of Allah because they are essential to study the Quran and discover the divine laws of the universe.   To help the students in their research, after giving the verse, I provided a question and a hint that they may find useful in their search.  

In this talk, I plan to only present 11 verse but with your help, we need to develop at least 100 verses that cover broad technical subjects.

The goal is not to give the answer but for our youth to read and analyze the different knowledge to understand the basis for the answer whether the basis is analytical or experimental. This should help them grow new brain cells and make new neural connections and as important develop their curiosity and love for study and research.   

1.      Verse 1

أَوَلَمۡ يَرَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوٓاْ أَنَّ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضَ ڪَانَتَا رَتۡقً۬ا فَفَتَقۡنَـٰهُمَا‌ۖ وَجَعَلۡنَا مِنَ ٱلۡمَآءِ كُلَّ شَىۡءٍ حَىٍّ‌ۖ أَفَلَا يُؤۡمِنُونَ (٣٠)

“Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were one united piece, then We parted them? And We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?” (Al-Anbiya 21:30)

Question. interpret the verse seeking data at the time of the rupture of the first matter from which the whole universe formed (i.e., at time far less than the Planck time), what was the mass of this first matter and what is the speed of the first expansion.  

Hints:  Study the Big Bang theory and its Planck parameters constraints.

1. Planck length: equal to 1.6 x10⁻³⁵ m, it is expected to be the shortest measurable distance.
2. Planck temperature: it equals about 10³² Kelvin, at which you start producing miniature Planck-mass black holes, which are the hottest black holes that can exist.
3. Planck Time: is 10^-43 seconds, it is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to across a distance equal to the Planck length. This is the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning.

Scientist have estimated the outcome of the Big Bang after the time is 10^-33 seconds which is far longer than the Plank time and thus at temperatures of 10²⁷ to 10²⁸K which is far lower than the Plank temperature.

2.      Verse 2

وَٱلسَّمَآءَ بَنَيۡنَـٰهَا بِأَيۡيْدٍ۬ وَإِنَّا لَمُوسِعُونَ (٤٧)

“We have built the heaven (universe) with might, and indeed We are expanding it.” (Al-Dhariyat 51:47) 

Question:  The verse implies that the universe is expanding. What is the expansion rate? Does this expansion have an end and if it has an end what will happen after the expansion stops?  

Hint: study Hubble’s Law and the expanding universe and the correction made by Alexander Friedmann (Russian cosmologist/Astrophysicist) to the cosmological constant that Albert Einstein introduced to the general relativity equation. Which of the three curvatures in Friedmann’s models of universe is more likely consistent with the verse. Study the concept of recession velocity and escape velocity

3.      Verse 3

يَوۡمَ نَطۡوِى ٱلسَّمَآءَ ڪَطَىِّ ٱلسِّجِلِّ لِلۡڪُتُبِ‌ۚ (١٠٤)

“The Day when We shall roll up the heaven (universe) as the rolling of the scroll with the records.” (Al-Anbiya 21:104)

Question. Does the verse imply that the universe will collapse at some point to the point of its start and then will be created again?  

Hint: Study the concept of the universe shrinkage after expansion. Which of the Friedmann curvature models this represents? Can the description of folding the scroll suggest a different model of the beginning point of the universe?   You may consider the hadith by Ibn Abbas who said:

وقال ابن أبي حاتم : عن ابن عباس قال : يطوي الله السماوات السبع بما فيها من الخليقة والأرضين السبع بما فيها من الخليقة ، يطوي ذلك كله بيمينه ، يكون ذلك كله في يده بمنزلة خردلة .

“Allah folds the seven heavens and all what is in them and the seven earths and all what is in them, he folds all of this by His right, and all of this will be in His hand as a small seed.”

4.      Verse 4

 كَمَا بَدَأۡنَآ أَوَّلَ خَلۡقٍ۬ نُّعِيدُهُ ۥ‌ۚ وَعۡدًا عَلَيۡنَآ‌ۚ إِنَّا كُنَّا فَـٰعِلِينَ (١٠٤)

“Just as We began the first creation, We shall repeat it. (It is) a promise (binding) upon Us. Truly, We shall do it.” (Al-Anbiya 21:104)

Question: Allah emphasizes in this verse as well as several verses (Yunus 10:4 and 34, Al-Naml 27:64 , Al-Ankabout 29:19, Al-Rome 30:11 and 27, Yaseen 36: 79, and Nuh 71:18) that He will recreate the universe. Why this is relevant to proving the concept of creation and refuting any argument regarding the creation by chance.

Hint: Study the 2^nd law of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy for reversible vs irreversible systems.

5.      Verse  5

اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَوَاتٍ وَمِنَ الْأَرْضِ مِثْلَهُنَّ يَتَنَزَّلُ الْأَمْرُ بَيْنَهُنَّ لِتَعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَحَاطَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عِلْمًا

“Allah is the One Who created seven heavens and of the earth the like thereof (i.e. seven). His Command descends between them, that you may know that Allah has power over all things, and that Allah surrounds (comprehends) all things in (His) Knowledge. (Al-Talaq 65:12)

Question:  What is meant by seven earths and why Allah is saying that the information in the verse is a proof that Allah has power over all things.

Hint: Study the string theory and its impact on resolving the singularity of the equation of the big bang theory.  Also study the concept of the parallel universe.  You may also consider the following hadith that is reported by Abu Hatem (أبي حاتم) and Al-Hakim (الحاكم) and Al-Bayhaqi (البيهقي) that Ibn Abbas (ابن عباس) who said:

 رواه ابن أبي حاتم في تفسيره والحاكم في مستدركه، و رواه البيهقي ، عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما أنه قال: الله الذي خلق سبع سماوات ومن الأرض مثلهن. قال: سبع أرضين في كل أرض نبي كنبيكم، وآدم كآدم، ونوح كنوح، وإبراهيم كإبراهيم، وعيسى كعيسى. ) قال الحاكم هذا حديث صحيح الإسناد ووافقه الذهبي فقال : صحيح, قال البيهقى : إسناده صحيح (

“There are Seven earths: In every earth there is a prophet like your Prophet, Adam like your Adam, Nuh like your Nuh, Ibrahim like your Ibrahim and Jesus like your Jesus”.

6.      Verse 6

قَالَ إِنِّىٓ أُرِيدُ أَنۡ أُنكِحَكَ إِحۡدَى ٱبۡنَتَىَّ هَـٰتَيۡنِ عَلَىٰٓ أَن تَأۡجُرَنِى ثَمَـٰنِىَ حِجَجٍ۬‌ۖ فَإِنۡ أَتۡمَمۡتَ عَشۡرً۬ا فَمِنۡ عِندِكَ‌ۖ وَمَآ أُرِيدُ أَنۡ أَشُقَّ عَلَيۡكَ‌ۚ سَتَجِدُنِىٓ إِن شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ (٢٧) قَالَ ذَٲلِكَ بَيۡنِى وَبَيۡنَكَ‌ۖ أَيَّمَا ٱلۡأَجَلَيۡنِ قَضَيۡتُ فَلَا عُدۡوَٲنَ عَلَىَّ‌ۖ وَٱللَّهُ عَلَىٰ مَا نَقُولُ وَڪِيلٌ۬ (٢٨) ۞ فَلَمَّا قَضَىٰ مُوسَى ٱلۡأَجَلَ وَسَارَ بِأَهۡلِهِۦۤ ءَانَسَ مِن جَانِبِ ٱلطُّورِ نَارً۬ا قَالَ لِأَهۡلِهِ ٱمۡكُثُوٓاْ إِنِّىٓ ءَانَسۡتُ نَارً۬ا لَّعَلِّىٓ ءَاتِيكُم مِّنۡهَا بِخَبَرٍ أَوۡ جَذۡوَةٍ۬ مِّنَ ٱلنَّارِ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَصۡطَلُونَ (٢٩

“He said: “I wish to wed one of my two daughters to you, on condition that you serve me for eight years, but if you complete ten years, it will be of your accord. And I do not intend to place you under any difficulty. If Allah wills, you will find me one of the righteous.” (27) He [Musa (Moses)] said: “This (is settled) between me and you whichever of the two terms I fulfill, there will be no excess against me, and Allah is witness to what we are saying.” (28) Then, when Musa completed the term, and was travelling with his family, he noticed a fire from the direction of Tur (Mount). He said to his wife: “Stay here, I have noticed a fire; perhaps I may bring to you from there some information, or a burning fire-brand that you may warm yourself.” (Al-Qasas 28:27)

Question: How long did Prophet Musa serve his father-in-law 8 or 10 years and why he needed to wait that long to return to Egypt.

Hint: Study the criminal law in Egypt at that time to understand why Prophet Musa was willing to return to Egypt though he was accused of killing an Egyptian. Study the statute of limitations guidelines.

7.      Verse 7

وَٱلشَّمۡسِ وَضُحَٮٰهَا (١) وَٱلۡقَمَرِ إِذَا تَلَٮٰهَا (٢) وَٱلنَّہَارِ إِذَا جَلَّٮٰهَا (٣) وَٱلَّيۡلِ إِذَا يَغۡشَٮٰهَا (٤) [ سورة الشمس]

“By the sun in its morning brightness; (1) By the moon as it follows it; (2) By the day as it reveals it (the sun); (3) By the night as it conceals it (the sun).” (Al-Shams 91:1-4) 

Question: Verse 3 suggests that the daylight is the one that reveals the sun and not vice versa, why? Verse 4 states that the night conceals the sun, how can night conceal the sun?

Hint: Study the space beyond the earth atmosphere.  You may also study the subject of dark matter. Also consider the following verse to understand why the day is the skin of the night and when the skin is removed, darkness will be overwhelming.

وَءَايَةٌ۬ لَّهُمُ ٱلَّيۡلُ نَسۡلَخُ مِنۡهُ ٱلنَّہَارَ فَإِذَا هُم مُّظۡلِمُونَ (٣٧)

And a sign for them is the night that we skin from it the day, and behold, they are in darkness. (Yaseen 36:37)

8.      Verse 8

كَذَّبَتۡ عَادٌ ٱلۡمُرۡسَلِينَ (١٢٣) إِذۡ قَالَ لَهُمۡ أَخُوهُمۡ هُودٌ أَلَا تَتَّقُونَ (١٢٤) إِنِّى لَكُمۡ رَسُولٌ أَمِينٌ۬ (١٢٥) فَٱتَّقُواْ ٱللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُونِ (١٢٦) وَمَآ أَسۡـَٔلُكُمۡ عَلَيۡهِ مِنۡ أَجۡرٍ‌ۖ إِنۡ أَجۡرِىَ إِلَّا عَلَىٰ رَبِّ ٱلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ (١٢٧) أَتَبۡنُونَ بِكُلِّ رِيعٍ ءَايَةً۬ تَعۡبَثُونَ (١٢٨) وَتَتَّخِذُونَ مَصَانِعَ لَعَلَّكُمۡ تَخۡلُدُونَ (١٢٩) (سُوۡرَةُ الشُّعَرَاء). 

“The (people of) Ad rejected the Messengers. (123) When their brother Hud said to them: “Will you not be mindful of Allah and obey Him? (124) “Verily! I am a trustworthy Messenger to you. (125) “So be mindful of Allah and obey me. (126) I do not seek any reward from you, my reward is only from the Lord of the worlds.  (127) “Do you build on every high place a monument for merely vain delight? (128) “And do you take factories so you may live forever.” (Al-Shuara 26:123-129)

أَلَمۡ تَرَ كَيۡفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ (٦) إِرَمَ ذَاتِ ٱلۡعِمَادِ (٧) ٱلَّتِى لَمۡ يُخۡلَقۡ مِثۡلُهَا فِى ٱلۡبِلَـٰدِ (٨)

“Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with (the people of) Ad (6) Of Iram that have the (lofty) pillars, (7) The like of which were not created in the land?”  (Al-Fajr 89:6-8) 

Question: Until now there is no archaeological find of the civilization of the people of Ad whom Allah provided several elements of their civilization such as building factories to increase their life, built the city of pillars and that there is nothing created as them. Can you speculate on who they are based on discoveries that we are familiar with?  

Hint: Read the other verses that describe the attributes of the people of Ad to help narrowing your selection. Identify a civilization that built cities of lofty pillars. Study the national geographic article on “Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt’s Great Pyramid” by Michael Greshko, published November 2, 2017.  Read a book by the Egyptian engineer Mohamed Samir Atta (محمد سمير عطا) on “Solving the Mystery of the Egyptian pyramids.  Also, read books by Christopher Dunn, Tom Dunnely, and John Cadman on the mystery of the pyramids.  Study Tesla’s wireless transmission of electricity.  Understanding how the ran pump works will also help.

9.      Verse 9

وَتَرَى ٱلۡجِبَالَ تَحۡسَبُہَا جَامِدَةً۬ وَهِىَ تَمُرُّ مَرَّ ٱلسَّحَابِ‌ۚ صُنۡعَ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَتۡقَنَ كُلَّ شَىۡءٍ‌ۚ إِنَّهُ ۥ خَبِيرُۢ بِمَا تَفۡعَلُونَ (٨٨)

“And you will see the mountains and think them still, while they pass away as the passing away of the clouds; (such is) the making of Allah, Who perfected all things, Indeed, He is Well-Acquainted with what you do.” (Al-Naml 27:88)

وَمِنَ ٱلۡجِبَالِ جُدَدُۢ بِيضٌ۬ وَحُمۡرٌ۬ مُّخۡتَلِفٌ أَلۡوَٲنُہَا وَغَرَابِيبُ سُودٌ۬ (٢٧)

“And among the mountains are streaks white and red, of varying colors and (others) very black” (Fatir 35:27)

Question:  What is the nature of the movement of the mountains, how fast are the different movements? How do mountains form and what are the causes of the different colors?   

Hint: Read about plate tectonics and mid oceanic ridge. Study the three motions of the earth, 1) rotation around the polar axis, 2) along its orbit around the Sun, and 3) the equinoctial precession (an unbalanced spinning top).   You can also study the movement of the earth as part of the solar system as the sun moves in a circular orbit around the center of the Milky Way galaxy.  Read about the rainbow mountains of Peru.  The following books on physical geology are useful: 1) Earth Science by Edward J. Tarbuck and Frederick K. Lutgens, 2) The Tectonic Plates are Moving! by Roy Livermore, and 3) Rocks and Minerals by William B. Rice.

10. Verse 10

تُسَبِّحُ لَهُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتُ ٱلسَّبۡعُ وَٱلۡأَرۡضُ وَمَن فِيہِنَّ‌ۚ وَإِن مِّن شَىۡءٍ إِلَّا يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمۡدِهِۦ وَلَـٰكِن لَّا تَفۡقَهُونَ تَسۡبِيحَهُمۡ‌ۗ إِنَّهُ ۥ كَانَ حَلِيمًا غَفُورً۬ا (٤٤)

The seven heavens and the earth and all whosoever is in them praise Him, and there is not a thing but hymns His praise; but you do not understand their praise. Truly, He is Ever Forbearing, Oft-Forgiving (Al-Isra 17:44)

Question: Are there ways to demonstrate that all that exist have conscious to know Allah and thus praise Him?

Hint: Study Thomas Young’s “Double Slits Experiment” and the different explanations for it. Search for the explanation by Eugene P Wagner, the 1963 Nobel Prize winner in Physics.”  Also consider the hadeath that has been reported by Imam Bukhari and narrated by Jabir ibn Abdullah (جابر رضي الله عن) who said:

وعن جابر بن عبد الله رضي الله عنه قال: كان جذع يقوم إليه النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، يعني في الخطبة. فلما وضع المنبر، سمعنا للجذع مثل صوت العشار حتى نزل النبي، صلى الله عليه وسلم، فوضع يده عليه فسكن”. ((رواه البخاري))

There was a trunk of a date-palm tree upon which the Prophet (PBUH) used to recline while delivering Khutbah. When a pulpit [Minbar] was placed in the Masjid, we heard the trunk crying out like a pregnant she-camel. the Prophet (PBUH) came down from the pulpit and put his hand on the trunk and it became quiet.

11. Verse 11

وَهُوَ ٱلَّذِى مَرَجَ ٱلۡبَحۡرَيۡنِ هَـٰذَا عَذۡبٌ۬ فُرَاتٌ۬ وَهَـٰذَا مِلۡحٌ أُجَاجٌ۬ وَجَعَلَ بَيۡنَہُمَا بَرۡزَخً۬ا وَحِجۡرً۬ا مَّحۡجُورً۬ا (٥٣)

“And He is the One who has let free the two seas, one palatable and sweet, and the other salt and bitter, and He has set a barrier and a complete partition between them.” (Al-Furqan 25:53)

مَرَجَ ٱلۡبَحۡرَيۡنِ يَلۡتَقِيَانِ (١٩) بَيۡنَہُمَا بَرۡزَخٌ۬ لَّا يَبۡغِيَانِ (٢٠)

“He has let loose the two seas meeting together. (19) Between them is a barrier, they do not encroach (upon one another).” (Al-Rahman 55:20)

Question: why the fresh water and the ocean water do not mix?

Hint:  Study the effect of the difference in the salinity and densities of these two water bodies on the surface tension developed between them and how it prevents them from mixing.  Good references to study are: Advances in water desalination, edited by Noam Lior, and  Reserve Osmosis by Wes Byrne

I am ending this talk as I started it, I am not proposing to use of science to explain to the Quran, but I am proposing to use the Quran to encourage our youth to study and excel in all branches of sciences as a religious obligation and essential form of worship of Allah to develop the like of Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Al-Haytham, Ibn Khaldun and other greats.  

We pay to Allah to guide us to develop a proper system for our youth to study the Quran to help them become the leaders of the world in all branches or natural and social sciences and have contributions worthy of them as true servants of Allah as their ancestors had done.

DUA

Appendix 1.

Example of the Breadth of Knowledge of Those who Built Islamic Civilization

Ibn Rushd (Averroes) work was motivated by the belief that all natural phenomena occur following laws that Allah established. In order to predict what will happen and take advantage of the system that Allah established; one must discover the divine laws in the universe.  This inspired him to study and write on: mathematics, medicine, astronomy, physics, mechanics, logic, geography, philosophy, psychology, classical music theory, theology, and Islamic jurisprudence.  

Ibn Sina (ابن سینا‎) (Avicenna) studied and memorized the entire Quran by the age of 10.  Of the 450 works that is believed that he has written, around 240 have survived and they are in the areas of: philosophy, medicine, astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics and works of poetry. 

Others:

Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

Abu Bakr Al-Razi

Jabir Ibn Haiyan

Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen)

Ibn Khaldun; Ibn Al-Nafis, Jaʿfar aṣ-Ṣādiq