The Authentication of Alleged Divine Books Between Faith and Reason
الحمد لله نحمده ونستعينة ونستغفره، ونعوذ بالله من شرور أنفسنا، ومن سيئات أعمالنا ، وأشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له ، وأشهد أن سيدنا محمداً عبده ورسوله ، اللهم صلِّ وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه ومن تبعه إلى يوم الدين.
Followers of every major religion have in their possession book (s) that they claim to include the exact revelations of God through a specific Messenger. Since most of those who believe in divine books believe in the Hereafter where the followers of their divine book will go to paradise and dwell in it forever while the rest will go to Hell and suffer in it forever, this means that the consequence of not following a truly divine revelation is extremely high.
While most people accept the truth about their divine book based on faith. But faith which is considered as the belief of the heart is defined as the practical and tranquil resting of the mind and accepting the truth based upon the integrity of an entity. Therefore, faith requires reasoning to establish the practical limit for resting the mind. In our daily lives we set this practical limit based on the consequence of the truth being sought. As an example, the practical limit of resting our mind and accepting by faith the truth about the competency and quality of a certain service provider depends on the consequence of this service on our life. Undoubtedly, our reasoning effort to validate the competency of a heart surgeon is dramatically different from that of a barber. However, in both cases we always start with reason and then follow it by faith.
Since the consequence of following the wrong religion is extremely high, one must exert reasonable level of effort to rest his mind of the truth of the message he is following. We do this every time we want to buy a study book for a critical exam such as SAT, ACT, GRE, LSAT, MCAT, etc. We do not just go to the bookstore and buy any book. We at least examine the subject of the book, the author of the book, the qualification of the author, the publisher, and the version.
Any claimed divine revelation is taught by a messenger who claims that he was sent by God and then this revelation is documented in a book or books by others. Therefore, we have at least three entities who are responsible for the transmission of any claimed divine book: God; the messenger; and the writer of the book. In validating the divinity of any supposedly revealed book, one should, as a minimum, be able to assess the relevance of its content, the reliability of its authorship and the authenticity of its text by validating 6 issues that are associated with the following six questions:
- The purpose of the Book. (Does the book define its purpose?)
- The author of the Book (Does the book claim that its content was revealed by God?)
- The narrator of the Book (Does the book claim that it presents the revelations to a specific Messenger?)
- The reliability of the narrator (Is that person, considered as the Messenger, well-known for his wisdom, reliability, and truthfulness?)
- The publisher of the book (Is the person (s) who was responsible for the documentation of the revelation well-known for his wisdom, reliability, and truthfulness?
- The authenticity of the version (Is the version we now an exact original?)
Affirmative answers to these six questions should represent the minimum acceptable practical limits for anyone to rest his mind and accept the divinity of the book being followed as truth. Any follower who proclaims a certain book is divine based on faith without being satisfied with the answers to the above questions would only be following assumptions and conjunctures.
Even having satisfactory answers to these 6 basic questions may not be sufficient for some people and they may identify additional questions to rest their minds at a much higher level.
If God, the All-Wise, revealed a book that He expects us to follow, He does not expect us to follow it without critical reasoning. Otherwise, we may follow any false message. Religious teachings must withstand unbiased but critical scrutiny. It is only by reason that a person should accept the reliability, authenticity of any claimed divine teaching and it is by faith that one would accept all the teachings related to the unseen. Any divine revelation should have no contradiction between reason and faith. If fact, the Quran demands the examination of its content to validate its divine origin using scientific approach.
In addition to the major consequence of following the wrong supposedly divine book, validation is critical because one sees major difference between these books when it comes to what one has to accept by faith since they fall in realm of the unseen such as historical accounts. These accounts are not given for entertainment but to use by the followers to develop morals and even laws.
Now let give three examples to illustrate the difference in the clarity and purity of the texts of the Bible and the Quran. The issues of clarity and purity are critical because God’s divine revelation must be perfect and wise yet simple because it is intended for all people to learn and follow. I am presenting both the Arabic and English versions for quotes from the Bible because Arabic is closer to its original language, and for the Quran because the Arabic is its original language and English is a translation:
Example of the first command by God to His Prophet
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر هوشع 1 2أَوَّلَ مَا كَلَّمَ الرَّبُّ هُوشَعَ، قَالَ الرَّبُّ لِهُوشَعَ: «اذْهَبْ خُذْ لِنَفْسِكَ امْرَأَةَ زِنًى وَأَوْلاَدَ زِنًى، لأَنَّ الأَرْضَ قَدْ زَنَتْ زِنًى تَارِكَةً الرَّبَّ». Hosea 1:2 (New Living Translation) When the LORD first began speaking to Israel through Hosea, he said to him, “Go and marry a prostitute, so that some of her children will be conceived in prostitution. This will illustrate how Israel has acted like a prostitute by turning against the LORD and worshiping other gods.”
| إِنِّىٓ أَنَا۟ رَبُّكَ فَٱخۡلَعۡ نَعۡلَيۡكَۖ إِنَّكَ بِٱلۡوَادِ ٱلۡمُقَدَّسِ طُوً۬ى (١٢) وَأَنَا ٱخۡتَرۡتُكَ فَٱسۡتَمِعۡ لِمَا يُوحَىٰٓ (١٣) إِنَّنِىٓ أَنَا ٱللَّهُ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّآ أَنَا۟ فَٱعۡبُدۡنِى وَأَقِمِ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ لِذِڪۡرِىٓ (١٤) إِنَّ ٱلسَّاعَةَ ءَاتِيَةٌ أَكَادُ أُخۡفِيہَا لِتُجۡزَىٰ كُلُّ نَفۡسِۭ بِمَا تَسۡعَىٰ (١٥) “”Verily! I am your Lord! So take off your shoes, you are in the sacred valley, Tuwa. (12) “And I have chosen you (Moses). So listen to that which will be revealed (to you). (13) “Verily! I am Allah! There is God but Me, so worship Me, and perform the prayers for My remembrance. (14) “Verily, the Hour is coming, and I am almost hiding it, that every person may be rewarded for that which he strives.” (Taha 20:12-15)
ٱقۡرَأۡ بِٱسۡمِ رَبِّكَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ (١) خَلَقَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ مِنۡ عَلَقٍ (٢) ٱقۡرَأۡ وَرَبُّكَ ٱلۡأَكۡرَمُ (٣) ٱلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِٱلۡقَلَمِ (٤) عَلَّمَ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ مَا لَمۡ يَعۡلَمۡ (٥) “Deduce (O Mohammad) guided with the name of your creator who created (1) He created man and kept him clinging (to Him for his continuous needs) (2) Deduce, and your Lord is the most generous, (3) Who teaches by the pen. (4) He taught man what he did not know.” (Al-Alaq 96:1-5) |
The Commitment of God’s Messenger to Deliver the Divine Message
The Bible | The Quran |
(إنجيل مرقس 4:-12 10) وَلَمَّا كَانَ وَحْدَهُ سَأَلَهُ الَّذِينَ حَوْلَهُ مَعَ الاثْنَيْ عَشَرَ عَنِ الْمَثَلِ، (10) فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: «قَدْ أُعْطِيَ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَعْرِفُوا سِرَّ مَلَكُوتِ اللهِ. وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ هُمْ مِنْ خَارِجٍ فَبِالأَمْثَالِ يَكُونُ لَهُمْ كُلُّ شَيْءٍ،(11) لِكَيْ يُبْصِرُوا مُبْصِرِينَ وَلاَ يَنْظُرُوا، وَيَسْمَعُوا سَامِعِينَ وَلاَ يَفْهَمُوا، لِئَلاَّ يَرْجِعُوا فَتُغْفَرَ لَهُمْ خَطَايَاهُمْ».(12) Mark 4:10-12 10 And when he was alone, they that were about him with the twelve asked of him the parable. 11 And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: 12 That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted, and their sins should be forgiven them.) | فَلَعَلَّكَ بَـٰخِعٌ۬ نَّفۡسَكَ عَلَىٰٓ ءَاثَـٰرِهِمۡ إِن لَّمۡ يُؤۡمِنُواْ بِهَـٰذَا ٱلۡحَدِيثِ أَسَفًا (٦) “Perhaps, you, are going to kill yourself out of grief over their footsteps, because they do not believe in this narration.” (Al-Kahf 18:6) يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلرَّسُولُ بَلِّغۡ مَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيۡكَ مِن رَّبِّكَۖ وَإِن لَّمۡ تَفۡعَلۡ فَمَا بَلَّغۡتَ رِسَالَتَهُ ۥۚ وَٱللَّهُ يَعۡصِمُكَ مِنَ ٱلنَّاسِۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَہۡدِى ٱلۡقَوۡمَ ٱلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ (٦٧) “O Messenger (Muhammad), covey all that has been sent down to you from your Lord. And if you do not, then you have not conveyed His Message. Allah will protect you from the people. Verily, Allah does not guide those who disbelieve” (Al-Maeda 5:67)
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Prophet David and spread of Lewdness.
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر صموئيل الثاني 12 9 لِمَاذَا احْتَقَرْتَ كَلاَمَ الرَّبِّ لِتَعْمَلَ الشَّرَّ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ؟ قَدْ قَتَلْتَ أُورِيَّا الْحِثِّيَّ بِالسَّيْفِ، وَأَخَذْتَ امْرَأَتَهُ لَكَ امْرَأَةً، وَإِيَّاهُ قَتَلْتَ بِسَيْفِ بَنِي عَمُّونَ. 10 وَالآنَ لاَ يُفَارِقُ السَّيْفُ بَيْتَكَ إِلَى الأَبَدِ، لأَنَّكَ احْتَقَرْتَنِي وَأَخَذْتَ امْرَأَةَ أُورِيَّا الْحِثِّيِّ لِتَكُونَ لَكَ امْرَأَةً. 11 هكَذَا قَالَ الرَّبُّ: هأَنَذَا أُقِيمُ عَلَيْكَ الشَّرَّ مِنْ بَيْتِكَ، وَآخُذُ نِسَاءَكَ أَمَامَ عَيْنَيْكَ وَأُعْطِيهِنَّ لِقَرِيبِكَ، فَيَضْطَجعُ مَعَ نِسَائِكَ فِي عَيْنِ هذِهِ الشَّمْسِ. 12 لأَنَّكَ أَنْتَ فَعَلْتَ بِالسِّرِّ وَأَنَا أَفْعَلُ هذَا الأَمْرَ قُدَّامَ جَمِيعِ إِسْرَائِيلَ وَقُدَّامَ الشَّمْسِ». 2 Samuel 12 9 Why did you (David) despise the word of the Lord by doing what is evil in his eyes? You struck down Uriah the Hittite with the sword and took his wife to be your own. You killed him with the sword of the Ammonites. 10 Now, therefore, the sword will never depart from your house, because you despised me and took the wife of Uriah the Hittite to be your own.’ 11 “This is what the Lord says: ‘Out of your own household I am going to bring calamity on you. Before your very eyes I will take your wives and give them to one who is close to you, and he will sleep with your wives in broad daylight. 12 You did it in secret, but I will do this thing in broad daylight before all Israel.’” | إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يُحِبُّونَ أَن تَشِيعَ ٱلۡفَـٰحِشَةُ فِى ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لَهُمۡ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ۬ فِى ٱلدُّنۡيَا وَٱلۡأَخِرَةِۚ وَٱللَّهُ يَعۡلَمُ وَأَنتُمۡ لَا تَعۡلَمُونَ (١٩) “Surely, those who like that illegal sexual intercourse should be propagated among those who believe, they will have a painful torment in this world and in the Hereafter. And Allah knows and you know not.” (Al-Noor 24:19)
وَٱذۡكُرۡ عَبۡدَنَا دَاوُ ۥدَ ذَا ٱلۡأَيۡدِۖ إِنَّهُ ۥۤ أَوَّابٌ (١٧) إِنَّا سَخَّرۡنَا ٱلۡجِبَالَ مَعَهُ ۥ يُسَبِّحۡنَ بِٱلۡعَشِىِّ وَٱلۡإِشۡرَاقِ (١٨) وَٱلطَّيۡرَ مَحۡشُورَةً۬ۖ كُلٌّ۬ لَّهُ ۥۤ أَوَّابٌ۬ (١٩) وَشَدَدۡنَا مُلۡكَهُ ۥ وَءَاتَيۡنَـٰهُ ٱلۡحِكۡمَةَ وَفَصۡلَ ٱلۡخِطَابِ (٢٠) “And remember Our servant Dâwûd (David), endued with power. Verily, he was ever oft-returning in all matters and in repentance (toward Allah). (17) Verily, We made the mountains to glorify Our Praises with him at evening and sunrise. (18) And (so did) the birds assembled: all obedient to him (19) We made his kingdom strong and gave him wisdom and decisive speech.” (Sad 38:26)
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These are just few examples; they are not intended to pass judgement on the bible but just to highlight clear differences that require serious assessments.
Let us now scrutinize and evaluate the Quran from the context of the six basic questions.
- Does the book define its purpose?
Yes, the following are few verses that confirm the answer:
ذَٲلِكَ ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبُ لَا رَيۡبَۛ فِيهِۛ هُدً۬ى لِّلۡمُتَّقِينَ (٢)
“This is the Book; in it is guidance without doubt to those who are righteous” (Al-Baqara 2:2).
وَمَآ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَيۡكَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ إِلَّا لِتُبَيِّنَ لَهُمُ ٱلَّذِى ٱخۡتَلَفُواْ فِيهِۙ وَهُدً۬ى وَرَحۡمَةً۬ لِّقَوۡمٍ۬ يُؤۡمِنُونَ (٦٤)
” We sent down the book to you so you may explain to them what they are differing over, and as a guidance and mercy for those who believe.” (Al-Nahl 16:64).
وَنَزَّلۡنَا عَلَيۡكَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ تِبۡيَـٰنً۬ا لِّكُلِّ شَىۡءٍ۬ وَهُدً۬ى وَرَحۡمَةً۬ وَبُشۡرَىٰ لِلۡمُسۡلِمِينَ (٨٩
“We have sent the book down to you explaining all things, and as a guide, a Mercy and glad tidings to Muslims” (Al-Nahl 16:89).
تَبَارَكَ ٱلَّذِى نَزَّلَ ٱلۡفُرۡقَانَ عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِهِۦ لِيَكُونَ لِلۡعَـٰلَمِينَ نَذِيرًا (١)
“Blessed is He who sent down the criterion (the Quran) to His servant, that he may be a warner to everyone in the worlds.” (Al-Furqan 25:1)
وَكُلاًّ۬ نَّقُصُّ عَلَيۡكَ مِنۡ أَنۢبَآءِ ٱلرُّسُلِ مَا نُثَبِّتُ بِهِۦ فُؤَادَكَۚ وَجَآءَكَ فِى هَـٰذِهِ ٱلۡحَقُّ وَمَوۡعِظَةٌ۬ وَذِكۡرَىٰ لِلۡمُؤۡمِنِينَ (١٢٠)
“All that We relate to you of the stories of the messengers is what We make firm your heart with: in them there come to you the Truth as well as a lesson and a reminder to those who believe. (Hud 11-120).
- Does the book claim that its content was revealed by God?
Yes. The following are few verses that confirm the answer:
لَّـٰكِنِ ٱللَّهُ يَشۡہَدُ بِمَآ أَنزَلَ إِلَيۡكَۖ أَنزَلَهُ ۥ بِعِلۡمِهِۦۖ وَٱلۡمَلَـٰٓٮِٕكَةُ يَشۡهَدُونَۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ شَہِيدًا (١٦٦
“Allah bears witness that what He has sent down to you, He has sent with His (Own full) Knowledge and the angels bear witness: though Allah suffices as a Witness” (Al-Nisa 4:166).
وَلَقَدۡ أَنزَلۡنَآ إِلَيۡكَ ءَايَـٰتِۭ بَيِّنَـٰتٍ۬ۖ وَمَا يَكۡفُرُ بِهَآ إِلَّا ٱلۡفَـٰسِقُونَ (٩٩)
“We have sent down to you clear revelations (ayat); and none reject them but those who are rebellious.” (Al-Baqara 2:99).
مَآ أَنزَلۡنَا عَلَيۡكَ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانَ لِتَشۡقَىٰٓ (٢) إِلَّا تَذۡڪِرَةً۬ لِّمَن يَخۡشَىٰ (٣) تَنزِيلاً۬ مِّمَّنۡ خَلَقَ ٱلۡأَرۡضَ وَٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ ٱلۡعُلَى (٤)
“We have not sent the Quran down to you in order to distress you, but only as a reminder to those who fear (Allah). It is a revelation from the One who created the earth and the highest heavens” (Taha 20:2-4).
۞ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلرَّسُولُ بَلِّغۡ مَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيۡكَ مِن رَّبِّكَۖ وَإِن لَّمۡ تَفۡعَلۡ فَمَا بَلَّغۡتَ رِسَالَتَهُ ۥۚ وَٱللَّهُ يَعۡصِمُكَ مِنَ ٱلنَّاسِ
“O Messenger! deliver what has been sent down to you from your Lord. If you do not do so, you will not have conveyed His message. And Allah will protect you from mankind” (Al-Maeda 5:67).
- Does the book claim that it presents the revelations to that specific prophet ?
Yes. The following is a verse that confirms the answer:
وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ وَءَامَنُواْ بِمَا نُزِّلَ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ۬ وَهُوَ ٱلۡحَقُّ مِن رَّبِّہِمۡۙ كَفَّرَ عَنۡہُمۡ سَيِّـَٔاتِہِمۡ وَأَصۡلَحَ بَالَهُمۡ (٢)
“But for those who believe and perform honorable deeds and believe in what has been sent down to Mohammad, for it is the Truth from their Lord, He will expiate from them their sins and make good their state.” (Mohammad 47:2).
- Is that person, considered as the prophet, well-known for his wisdom, reliability and truthfulness?
Yes. There is no man on this earth whose life has been documented to the extent of Prophet Mohammad’s. Almost every word he said and every action his did have been recorded. Based on these records, all historians have concluded that Mohammad’s character, integrity, and wisdom cannot be questioned. Throughout his life, Mohammad was well-known for his honesty, truthfulness, and trustworthiness. People, both friends and foes, gave him the nickname “Al-Amin”, the trustworthy.
- Is the person (s) who was responsible for the documentation of the Quran well-known for his wisdom, reliability and truthfulness?
Yes. The person who collected the Quran in one manuscript was the Prophet’s companion Zayd ibn Thabit who collected it on the instructions of the first Khalifah Abu Bakr. Zayd was one of the few companions whom the Prophet (PBUH) entrusted with the responsibility of scribing the Divine revelation. Zayd was well-versed in the Quran and at an early age gained the well-deserved reputation as a leading scholar among the companions of the Prophet.
The accuracy of the assembly by Zayd was verified by several of the Prophet’s companions who memorized the Quran in totality. At that time, the Quran was memorized by 100’s of companions.
Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Khalifah, once addressed the Muslims and said: “O people, whoever wants to ask about the Quran, let him go to Zayd ibn Thabit.” The story of Zayd and how did his friendship with the prophet (PBUH) was developed and the system he used to ensure the authenticity of the Quran are for separate presentation.
- Is the version we now have now an exact original?
Yes, the historical records and comparisons with the Zayd’s original manuscripts clearly show that the Quran we have today in the Arabic language is an exact replica of the one recorded by Zayd ibn Thabit about 1400 years ago. Muslims do not consider any translation of the Quran an equivalent to it no matter how good the translation is. When Muslims pray, they can only recite the Quran in the Arabic text. However, an even more compelling proof that the Quran we have is an exact original is God’s affirmation that the Quran will always be preserved, and it will never be altered. Allah states in the Quran:
إِنَّا نَحۡنُ نَزَّلۡنَا ٱلذِّكۡرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُ ۥ لَحَـٰفِظُونَ (٩)
“We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We shall certainly preserve it (from corruption)” (Al-Hijr 15:9).
لَّا يَأۡتِيهِ ٱلۡبَـٰطِلُ مِنۢ بَيۡنِ يَدَيۡهِ وَلَا مِنۡ خَلۡفِهِۦۖ تَنزِيلٌ۬ مِّنۡ حَكِيمٍ حَمِيدٍ۬ (٤٢)
“No falsehood can approach it from either in front of it or behind it: it is revealed by One Full of Wisdom, Worthy of all Praise” (Fusssilat -Al-Sajda 41:42).
لَا تُحَرِّكۡ بِهِۦ لِسَانَكَ لِتَعۡجَلَ بِهِۦۤ (١٦) إِنَّ عَلَيۡنَا جَمۡعَهُ ۥ وَقُرۡءَانَهُ ۥ (١٧
“Do not move your tongue (with the revelation) in haste (for fear of forgetting); it is up to Us to collect it and as well as to let it be recited.” (Al-Qiyama 75:16-17)
The Quran is not only preserved in printed books but more important it is preserved in the memory of many Muslims. There is more than 10 million people in the world who memorize the Quran in totality in Arabic. I guessed the number because there are about 4 million mosques in the world and there will be at least one person in every mosque who memorized the Quran. The Quran is the only book in the world that when recited, the audience will correct the reciter if he deviates in any letter from the exact text, this is even done when that person was leading a prayer. It is also interesting to know that the Quran is the only book that you will find children at the age of 9 and 10 whose native language may not even be Arabic memorize it in its totality in the Arabic language.
The Quran is very unique among all scriptures because it offers what can be classified as a falsification principle that is applied to demarcate real science from non-science. The principle suggests that for a theory to be considered scientific it must be able to be tested and conceivably proven false. In simple terms the principle says: If you have a theory, do not bother us with it unless you can identify a way for us to prove whether it is correct or not. Such approach was exactly why the scientific community listened to Einstein in 1915 when he came with his new theory of general relativity and said, “I believe the universe works like this; and here are three proposed ways to prove the validity of my theory. The three tests were:
- Mercury does not return to exactly the same spot every time it completes its elliptical orbit.
- Light rays are bent near a massive body.
- Time dilates in a gravitational field, meaning that clocks run slower as they approach the mass that is producing the field.
The falsification tests that are offered in the Quran basically state: If this book is not what it claims to be a divine revelation, then all you have to do is:
- Find an error or a contradiction in it
- Find someone of group of experts who would be able to produce 10 chapters similar to any of its chapters; when this challenge was too difficult, Allah reduced the challenge to come with only one chapter like it.
- Find another book that addresses all the subjects in the Quran and is as easy to understand independent of the reader’s educational level.
These challenges that have stood the test of time since the revelation of the Quran over 1400 years ago are presented in the Quran in the following verses:
أَفَلَا يَتَدَبَّرُونَ ٱلۡقُرۡءَانَۚ وَلَوۡ كَانَ مِنۡ عِندِ غَيۡرِ ٱللَّهِ لَوَجَدُواْ فِيهِ ٱخۡتِلَـٰفً۬ا ڪَثِيرً۬ا (٨٢
“Do they not ponder on the Quran? Had it been from other than Allah, they would surely have found in it a great deal of discrepancy.” (Al-Nisa 4:82).
أَمۡ يَقُولُونَ ٱفۡتَرَٮٰهُۖ قُلۡ فَأۡتُواْ بِعَشۡرِ سُوَرٍ۬ مِّثۡلِهِۦ مُفۡتَرَيَـٰتٍ۬ وَٱدۡعُواْ مَنِ ٱسۡتَطَعۡتُم مِّن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَـٰدِقِينَ (١٣) فَإِلَّمۡ يَسۡتَجِيبُواْ لَكُمۡ فَٱعۡلَمُوٓاْ أَنَّمَآ أُنزِلَ بِعِلۡمِ ٱللَّهِ وَأَن لَّآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَۖ فَهَلۡ أَنتُم مُّسۡلِمُونَ (١٤)
“They may say “He made it all up. Say “then bring ten chapters made up like it; seek aid from anyone you like other than Allah if you are so truthful! “If they do not respond to you, then everyone should know that this Revelation is sent down with the knowledge of Allah and that there is no deity except Him. Will you not become Muslims?” (Hud 11:13-14)
وَإِن ڪُنتُمۡ فِى رَيۡبٍ۬ مِّمَّا نَزَّلۡنَا عَلَىٰ عَبۡدِنَا فَأۡتُواْ بِسُورَةٍ۬ مِّن مِّثۡلِهِۦ وَٱدۡعُواْ شُهَدَآءَكُم مِّن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ إِن كُنتُمۡ صَـٰدِقِينَ (٢٣) فَإِن لَّمۡ تَفۡعَلُواْ وَلَن تَفۡعَلُواْ فَٱتَّقُواْ ٱلنَّارَ ٱلَّتِى وَقُودُهَا ٱلنَّاسُ وَٱلۡحِجَارَةُۖ أُعِدَّتۡ لِلۡكَـٰفِرِينَ (٢٤)
“And if you are in any doubt about what We have revealed to Our servant (Mohammad), then produce a chapter like it, and then call in your witnesses, besides Allah, if you are so truthful. If you do not and you will never do so, then heed the Fire whose fuel is Men and stones which is prepared for the disbelievers ” (Al-Baqara 2:23-24).
وَلَقَدۡ يَسَّرۡنَا ٱلۡقُرۡءَانَ لِلذِّكۡرِ فَهَلۡ مِن مُّدَّكِرٍ۬
We made the Quran easy to learn. Is there anyone who wishes to learn? (Al-Qamar 54:17, 22, 32, 40)
This approach of the Quran is the one that encouraged a great Muslim scientist and scholar like Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) (born 965 CE – 354 H) who is known as “the father of modern optics to write: “The duty of the man whose goal is learning the truth is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and applying his mind to the core and margins of its content attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling in either prejudice or leniency”.
The Quran also warns us of alterations, fabrications, assumptions, and exaggerations that could be made to God’s messages, as it states regarding previous messages:
وَمَا يَتَّبِعُ أَكۡثَرُهُمۡ إِلَّا ظَنًّاۚ إِنَّ ٱلظَّنَّ لَا يُغۡنِى مِنَ ٱلۡحَقِّ شَيۡـًٔاۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَلِيمُۢ بِمَا يَفۡعَلُونَ (٣٦)
“Most of them merely follow conjecture. However, guessing is no substitute for truth. Allah is aware of whatever they are doing.” (Yunus 10:36).
قُلۡ يَـٰٓأَهۡلَ ٱلۡڪِتَـٰبِ لَا تَغۡلُواْ فِى دِينِڪُمۡ غَيۡرَ ٱلۡحَقِّ وَلَا تَتَّبِعُوٓاْ أَهۡوَآءَ قَوۡمٍ۬ قَدۡ ضَلُّواْ مِن قَبۡلُ وَأَضَلُّواْ ڪَثِيرً۬ا وَضَلُّواْ عَن سَوَآءِ ٱلسَّبِيلِ (٧٧)
Say: “People of the Book, do not exaggerate in your religion beyond the truth, nor follow the whims of those before you who have gone astray from the straight path and so mislead many and lost the right path.” (Al-Maeda 5:77).
The Quran goes further and condemns the blind imitation of one’s own family alleged divine books:
وَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُمُ ٱتَّبِعُواْ مَآ أَنزَلَ ٱللَّهُ قَالُواْ بَلۡ نَتَّبِعُ مَآ أَلۡفَيۡنَا عَلَيۡهِ ءَابَآءَنَآۗ أَوَلَوۡ كَانَ ءَابَآؤُهُمۡ لَا يَعۡقِلُونَ شَيۡـًٔ۬ا وَلَا يَهۡتَدُونَ (١٧٠)
“When it is said to them: “Follow what Allah has revealed”, they say: “Rather we shall follow the ways of our fathers.” What! this even though their forefathers had not used their reason in any way, nor they were guided?” (Al-Baqara 2: 170)
DUA
Additional examples
Did God Commit to Preserve the Revelations of All the Messengers
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر إرميا 8 8: كَيْفَ تَقُولُونَ: نَحْنُ حُكَمَاءُ وَشَرِيعَةُ الرَّبِّ مَعَنَا؟ حَقًّا إِنَّهُ إِلَى الْكَذِبِ حَوَّلَهَا قَلَمُ الْكَتَبَةِ الْكَاذِبُ. Jeremiah 8 : 8 “‘How can you say, “We are wise, for we have the law of the Lord,” when actually the lying pen of the scribes has handled it falsely? سفر إرميا 23:36 أَمَّا وَحْيُ الرَّبِّ فَلاَ تَذْكُرُوهُ بَعْدُ، لأَنَّ كَلِمَةَ كُلِّ إِنْسَانٍ تَكُونُ وَحْيَهُ، إِذْ قَدْ حَرَّفْتُمْ كَلاَمَ الإِلهِ الْحَيِّ رَبِّ الْجُنُودِ إِلهِنَا. Jeremiah 23:36: But you must not mention ‘a message from the Lord’ again, because each one’s word becomes their own message. So you distort the words of the living God, the Lord Almighty, our God. | إِنَّا نَحۡنُ نَزَّلۡنَا ٱلذِّكۡرَ وَإِنَّا لَهُ ۥ لَحَـٰفِظُونَ (٩) “Verily We: It is We Who have sent down the Dhikr (the Qur’ân) and surely, We will guard it (from corruption).” (Al-Hijr 15:9)
لَّا يَأۡتِيهِ ٱلۡبَـٰطِلُ مِنۢ بَيۡنِ يَدَيۡهِ وَلَا مِنۡ خَلۡفِهِۦۖ تَنزِيلٌ۬ مِّنۡ حَكِيمٍ حَمِيدٍ۬ (٤٢) “Falsehood cannot approach it (the Quran), neither from its front nor its back; A revelation from the All-Wise, the Ever-Praised.” (Fussilat 41:42) أَفَتَطۡمَعُونَ أَن يُؤۡمِنُواْ لَكُمۡ وَقَدۡ كَانَ فَرِيقٌ۬ مِّنۡهُمۡ يَسۡمَعُونَ ڪَلَـٰمَ ٱللَّهِ ثُمَّ يُحَرِّفُونَهُ ۥ مِنۢ بَعۡدِ مَا عَقَلُوهُ وَهُمۡ يَعۡلَمُونَ (٧٥) وَإِذَا لَقُواْ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ قَالُوٓاْ ءَامَنَّا وَإِذَا خَلَا بَعۡضُهُمۡ إِلَىٰ بَعۡضٍ۬ قَالُوٓاْ أَتُحَدِّثُونَہُم بِمَا فَتَحَ ٱللَّهُ عَلَيۡكُمۡ لِيُحَآجُّوكُم بِهِۦ عِندَ رَبِّكُمۡۚ أَفَلَا تَعۡقِلُونَ (٧٦) أَوَلَا يَعۡلَمُونَ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَعۡلَمُ مَا يُسِرُّونَ وَمَا يُعۡلِنُونَ (٧٧) وَمِنۡہُمۡ أُمِّيُّونَ لَا يَعۡلَمُونَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ إِلَّآ أَمَانِىَّ وَإِنۡ هُمۡ إِلَّا يَظُنُّونَ (٧٨) فَوَيۡلٌ۬ لِّلَّذِينَ يَكۡتُبُونَ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبَ بِأَيۡدِيہِمۡ ثُمَّ يَقُولُونَ هَـٰذَا مِنۡ عِندِ ٱللَّهِ لِيَشۡتَرُواْ بِهِۦ ثَمَنً۬ا قَلِيلاً۬ۖ فَوَيۡلٌ۬ لَّهُم مِّمَّا ڪَتَبَتۡ أَيۡدِيهِمۡ وَوَيۡلٌ۬ لَّهُم مِّمَّا يَكۡسِبُونَ (٧٩) “(O Muslims) Do you covet that they will believe in your religion in spite of the fact that a party of them (Rabbis) used to hear the Word of Allah (Torah), then they used to change it knowingly after they understood it? (75) And when they (Jews) meet those who believe (Muslims), they say, “We believe”, but when they meet one another in private, they say, “Shall you (Jews) tell them (Muslims) what Allah has revealed to you [about the description Muhammad in the Torah), that they (Muslims) may argue with you (Jews) about it before your Lord?” Have you (Jews) then no understanding? (76) Do they (Jews) not know that Allah knows what they conceal and what they reveal? (77) And there are among them (Jews) illiterate who have no knowledge of the Book but have some fancies and do nothing but guess. (78) So, woe to those who write the Book with their own hands and then say, “This is from Allah,” to gain thereby a little price! Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.” (Al-Baqara 2:75-79) |
Clarity Regarding God
The Bible | The Quran |
إنجيل يوحنا 5 وَالآبُ نَفْسُهُ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَنِي يَشْهَدُ لِي. لَمْ تَسْمَعُوا صَوْتَهُ قَطُّ، وَلاَ أَبْصَرْتُمْ هَيْئَتَهُ، John 5 (New International Version) 37 And the Father who sent me has himself testified concerning me. You have never heard his voice nor seen his form, إنجيل يوحنا 12 44 فَنَادَى يَسُوعُ وَقَالَ: «الَّذِي يُؤْمِنُ بِي، لَيْسَ يُؤْمِنُ بِي بَلْ بِالَّذِي أَرْسَلَنِي. 45 وَالَّذِي يَرَانِي يَرَى الَّذِي أَرْسَلَنِي John 12 (New International Version) 44 Then Jesus cried out, “Whoever believes in me does not believe in me only, but in the one who sent me. 45 The one who looks at me is seeing the one who sent me. رسالة يوحنا الرسول الأولى 4 12 اَللهُ لَمْ يَنْظُرْهُ أَحَدٌ قَطُّ. إِنْ أَحَبَّ بَعْضُنَا بَعْضًا، فَاللهُ يَثْبُتُ فِينَا، وَمَحَبَّتُهُ قَدْ تَكَمَّلَتْ فِينَا. 1 John 4:12 (New International Version) No one has ever seen God; but if we love one another, God lives in us and his love is made complete in us. إنجيل مرقس 12 29 فَأَجَابَهُ يَسُوعُ: «إِنَّ أَوَّلَ كُلِّ الْوَصَايَا هِيَ: اسْمَعْ يَا إِسْرَائِيلُ. الرَّبُّ إِلهُنَا رَبٌّ وَاحِدٌ. Mark 12:29 29 “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: ‘Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. | ذَٲلِڪُمُ ٱللَّهُ رَبُّكُمۡۖ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَۖ خَـٰلِقُ ڪُلِّ شَىۡءٍ۬ فَٱعۡبُدُوهُۚ وَهُوَ عَلَىٰ كُلِّ شَىۡءٍ۬ وَڪِيلٌ۬ (١٠٢) لَّا تُدۡرِڪُهُ ٱلۡأَبۡصَـٰرُ وَهُوَ يُدۡرِكُ ٱلۡأَبۡصَـٰرَۖ وَهُوَ ٱللَّطِيفُ ٱلۡخَبِيرُ (١٠٣) “This is Allah, your Lord! There is no God but He, the Creator of all things. So worship Him, and He is the Guardian over all things. (102) No vision can grasp Him, but He grasps all vision. He is the Most Subtle, All Aware.” (Al-Anaam 6:102-103)
قُلۡ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ (١) ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ (٢) لَمۡ يَلِدۡ وَلَمۡ يُولَدۡ (٣) وَلَمۡ يَكُن لَّهُ ۥ ڪُفُوًا أَحَدٌ (٤ Say: He is Allah, the One! (1) Allah is Besought of all! (2) He neither begot anyone nor was begotten. (3) And there is none like unto Him. (Al-Iklas 112:1-4) |
Equal Treatment (Financial Equality)
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر التثنية 23 19 «لاَ تُقْرِضْ أَخَاكَ بِرِبًا، رِبَا فِضَّةٍ، أَوْ رِبَا طَعَامٍ، أَوْ رِبَا شَيْءٍ مَّا مِمَّا يُقْرَضُ بِرِبًا، 20 لِلأَجْنَبِيِّ تُقْرِضُ بِرِبًا، وَلكِنْ لأَخِيكَ لاَ تُقْرِضْ بِرِبًا، لِكَيْ يُبَارِكَكَ الرَّبُّ إِلهُكَ فِي كُلِّ مَا تَمْتَدُّ إِلَيْهِ يَدُكَ فِي الأَرْضِ الَّتِي أَنْتَ دَاخِلٌ إِلَيْهَا لِتَمْتَلِكَهَا Deuteronomy 23:19-20 19 Do not charge a fellow Israelite interest, whether on money or food or anything else that may earn interest. 20 You may charge a foreigner interest, but not a fellow Israelite, so that the Lord your God may bless you in everything you put your hand to in the land you are entering to possess. | وَمِنۡ أَهۡلِ ٱلۡكِتَـٰبِ مَنۡ إِن تَأۡمَنۡهُ بِقِنطَارٍ۬ يُؤَدِّهِۦۤ إِلَيۡكَ وَمِنۡهُم مَّنۡ إِن تَأۡمَنۡهُ بِدِينَارٍ۬ لَّا يُؤَدِّهِۦۤ إِلَيۡكَ إِلَّا مَا دُمۡتَ عَلَيۡهِ قَآٮِٕمً۬اۗ ذَٲلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمۡ قَالُواْ لَيۡسَ عَلَيۡنَا فِى ٱلۡأُمِّيِّـۧنَ سَبِيلٌ۬ وَيَقُولُونَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ ٱلۡكَذِبَ وَهُمۡ يَعۡلَمُونَ (٧٥ Among the people of the Book (Jews and Christians) is he who, if entrusted with a heap (gold or silver) will readily pay it back; and among them there is he who, if entrusted with a single silver coin, will not repay it unless you constantly stand demanding, because they say: “There is no blame on us in the matter of the Gentiles.” But they tell a lie against Allah while they know it. (Al-Emran 3:75) |
Only a False Prophet be killed. (Was Jesus killed?)
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر التثنية 18 18 أُقِيمُ لَهُمْ نَبِيًّا مِنْ وَسَطِ إِخْوَتِهِمْ مِثْلَكَ، وَأَجْعَلُ كَلاَمِي فِي فَمِهِ، فَيُكَلِّمُهُمْ بِكُلِّ مَا أُوصِيهِ بِهِ. 19 وَيَكُونُ أَنَّ الإِنْسَانَ الَّذِي لاَ يَسْمَعُ لِكَلاَمِي الَّذِي يَتَكَلَّمُ بِهِ بِاسْمِي أَنَا أُطَالِبُهُ. 20 وَأَمَّا النَّبِيُّ الَّذِي يُطْغِي، فَيَتَكَلَّمُ بِاسْمِي كَلاَمًا لَمْ أُوصِهِ أَنْ يَتَكَلَّمَ بِهِ، أَوِ الَّذِي يَتَكَلَّمُ بِاسْمِ آلِهَةٍ أُخْرَى، فَيَمُوتُ ذلِكَ النَّبِيُّ. 21 وَإِنْ قُلْتَ فِي قَلْبِكَ: كَيْفَ نَعْرِفُ الْكَلاَمَ الَّذِي لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ بِهِ الرَّبُّ؟ 22 فَمَا تَكَلَّمَ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ بِاسْمِ الرَّبِّ وَلَمْ يَحْدُثْ وَلَمْ يَصِرْ، فَهُوَ الْكَلاَمُ الَّذِي لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ بِهِ الرَّبُّ، بَلْ بِطُغْيَانٍ تَكَلَّمَ بِهِ النَّبِيُّ، فَلاَ تَخَفْ مِنْهُ Deuteronomy 18 18 I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their fellow Israelites, and I will put my words in his mouth. He will tell them everything I command him. 19 I myself will call to account anyone who does not listen to my words that the prophet speaks in my name. 20 But a prophet who presumes to speak in my name anything I have not commanded, or a prophet who speaks in the name of other gods, is to be put to death.” 21 You may say to yourselves, “How can we know when a message has not been spoken by the Lord?” 22 If what a prophet proclaims in the name of the Lord does not take place or come true, that is a message the Lord has not spoken. That prophet has spoken presumptuously, so do not be alarmed. | وَقَوۡلِهِمۡ إِنَّا قَتَلۡنَا ٱلۡمَسِيحَ عِيسَى ٱبۡنَ مَرۡيَمَ رَسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَمَا قَتَلُوهُ وَمَا صَلَبُوهُ وَلَـٰكِن شُبِّهَ لَهُمۡۚ وَإِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱخۡتَلَفُواْ فِيهِ لَفِى شَكٍّ۬ مِّنۡهُۚ مَا لَهُم بِهِۦ مِنۡ عِلۡمٍ إِلَّا ٱتِّبَاعَ ٱلظَّنِّۚ وَمَا قَتَلُوهُ يَقِينَۢا (١٥٧) بَل رَّفَعَهُ ٱللَّهُ إِلَيۡهِۚ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَزِيزًا حَكِيمً۬ا (١٥٨) “And because of their saying: We have killed the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, Allah’s messenger – they did neither kill him nor crucify him, but it appeared so unto them; and lo! those who disputed in this matter are certainly in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it but they follow a conjecture; It is absolutely certain that they did not kill him. (157) But Allah raised him up unto Himself. Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.” (Al-Nisa 4:157-158) |
Did the Jews Who Accepted the Prophethood of Mohammad (PBUH) was because he was mentioned in any Prophecy in the bible.
The Bible Isaiah 42 (سفر إشعياء 42) | Islamic Account by Rabbi | ||||||||
| Abdullah ibn Salaam (عبد اللد ابن سلام), one of the Jewish scholars who accepted Islam based on prophecies in the bible. عن عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ قَالَ لَقِيتُ عبد الله بْنَ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ رَضِي اللَّهم عنهما قُلْتُ أَخْبِرْنِي عَنْ صِفَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهم عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ قَالَ أَجَلْ وَاللَّهِ إِنَّهُ لَمَوْصُوفٌ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ بِبَعْضِ صِفَتِهِ فِي الْقُرْآنِ ( يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ إِنَّا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ شَاهِدًا وَمُبَشِّرًا وَنَذِيرًا ) وَحِرْزًا لِلأُمِّيِّينَ أَنْتَ عَبْدِي وَرَسُولِي سَمَّيْتُكَ المتَوَكِّلَ لَيْسَ بِفَظٍّ وَلَا غَلِيظٍ وَلا سَخَّابٍ فِي الأَسْوَاقِ وَلا يَدْفَعُ بِالسَّيِّئَةِ السَّيِّئَةَ وَلَكِنْ يَعْفُو وَيَغْفِرُ وَلَنْ يَقْبِضَهُ اللَّهُ حَتَّى يُقِيمَ بِهِ الْمِلَّةَ الْعَوْجَاءَ بِأَنْ يَقُولُوا لا إِلَهَ إِلاّ اللَّهُ وَيَفْتَحُ بِهَا أَعْيُنًا عُمْيًا وَآذَانًا صُمًّا وَقُلُوبًا غُلْفًا ” )البخاري ( Narrated `Abdullah bin `Amr bin Al-As: This Verse: ‘Verily We have sent you (O Muhammad) as a witness, as a bringer of glad tidings and as a warner.’ (48.8) which is in the Qur’an, appears in the Torah thus: ‘Verily We have sent you (O Muhammad) as a witness, as a bringer of glad tidings and as a warner, and as a protector for the illiterates (i.e., the Arabs.) You are my slave and My Apostle, and I have named you Al-Mutawakkil (one who depends upon Allah). You are neither hard-hearted nor of fierce character, nor one who shouts in the markets. You do not return evil for evil, but excuse and forgive. Allah will not take you unto Him till He guides through you a crocked (curved) nation on the right path by causing them to say: “None has the right to be worshipped but Allah.” With such a statement He will cause to open blind eyes, deaf ears and hardened hearts.’
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Sela (سالع) is a mountain in Medina in Saudi Arabia. Mount Sela in the “District of the Seven Mosques” in city of Medina Municipality in Saudi Arabia. Sela means “sliced” because the mountain looks as if it is sliced several times.
Kedar: In the son of Ishmael, the great grandfather of the tribes in Mecca.
سفر التكوين الإصحاح 25ا: 13:(وهذه أسماء بني إسماعيل بأسمائهم حسب مواليدهم: نبايوت بكر إسماعيل وقيدار وأدبائيل ومبسام……).
Genesis 25: 13 “These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, listed in the order of their birth: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, 14 Mishma, Dumah, Massa, 15 Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish and Kedemah”.
I Chronicles 1:29 (These were their descendants: Nebaioth the firstborn of Ishmael, Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam,
Relevance of Kedar in Prophesies only related to Prophet Mohammad (PBUH)
The Bible | The Quran |
سفر إشعياء 21 13 وَحْيٌ مِنْ جِهَةِ بِلاَدِ الْعَرَبِ: فِي الْوَعْرِ فِي بِلاَدِ الْعَرَبِ تَبِيتِينَ، يَا قَوَافِلَ الدَّدَانِيِّينَ. 14 هَاتُوا مَاءً لِمُلاَقَاةِ الْعَطْشَانِ، يَا سُكَّانَ أَرْضِ تَيْمَاءَ. وَافُوا الْهَارِبَ بِخُبْزِهِ. 15 فَإِنَّهُمْ مِنْ أَمَامِ السُّيُوفِ قَدْ هَرَبُوا. مِنْ أَمَامِ السَّيْفِ الْمَسْلُولِ، وَمِنْ أَمَامِ الْقَوْسِ الْمَشْدُودَةِ، وَمِنْ أَمَامِ شِدَّةِ الْحَرْبِ. 16 فَإِنَّهُ هكَذَا قَالَ لِيَ السَّيِّدُ: «فِي مُدَّةِ سَنَةٍ كَسَنَةِ الأَجِيرِ يَفْنَى كُلُّ مَجْدِ قِيدَارَ، 17 وَبَقِيَّةُ عَدَدِ قِسِيِّ أَبْطَالِ بَنِي قِيدَارَ تَقِلُّ، لأَنَّ الرَّبَّ إِلهَ إِسْرَائِيلَ قَدْ تَكَلَّمَ». Isaiah 21 New International Version 13 A prophecy against Arabia: You caravans of Dedanites, who camp in the thickets of Arabia, 14 bring water for the thirsty; you who live in Tema, bring food for the fugitives. 15 They flee from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow and from the heat of battle. 16 This is what the Lord says to me: “Within one year, as a servant bound by contract would count it, all the splendor of Kedar will come to an end. 17 The survivors of the archers, the warriors of Kedar, will be few.” The Lord, the God of Israel, has spoken. | وَإِذۡ يَمۡكُرُ بِكَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ لِيُثۡبِتُوكَ أَوۡ يَقۡتُلُوكَ أَوۡ يُخۡرِجُوكَۚ وَيَمۡكُرُونَ وَيَمۡكُرُ ٱللَّهُۖ وَٱللَّهُ خَيۡرُ ٱلۡمَـٰڪِرِينَ (٣٠) “And (recall) when the disbelievers were conspiring against you (Muhammad) to imprison you, or to kill you, or to expel you (from Makkah); they were plotting and Allah was planning, and Allah is the best planner.” (Al-Anfal 8:30) لَّقَدۡ صَدَقَ ٱللَّهُ رَسُولَهُ ٱلرُّءۡيَا بِٱلۡحَقِّۖ لَتَدۡخُلُنَّ ٱلۡمَسۡجِدَ ٱلۡحَرَامَ إِن شَآءَ ٱللَّهُ ءَامِنِينَ مُحَلِّقِينَ رُءُوسَكُمۡ وَمُقَصِّرِينَ لَا تَخَافُونَۖ فَعَلِمَ مَا لَمۡ تَعۡلَمُواْ فَجَعَلَ مِن دُونِ ذَٲلِكَ فَتۡحً۬ا قَرِيبًا (٢٧) هُوَ ٱلَّذِىٓ أَرۡسَلَ رَسُولَهُ ۥ بِٱلۡهُدَىٰ وَدِينِ ٱلۡحَقِّ لِيُظۡهِرَهُ ۥ عَلَى ٱلدِّينِ كُلِّهِۦۚ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ شَهِيدً۬ا (٢٨) “Allah has fulfilled the vision for His messenger in very truth. You shall indeed enter the scared Mosque, if Allah will, peacefully with your head shaved or your hairs cut short, having no fear. But He knows that which you did not know and has given you a near victory beforehand. (27) He it is Who has sent His messenger with the guidance and the religion of truth, that He may cause it to prevail over all religion. And Allah suffices as a Witness” (Al-Fath 48:27-28)
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The Clarity regarding God. Are the Titles Son and Father Literal or Allegorical?
The Bible | The Quran |
إنجيل لوقا 3 23 وَلَمَّا ابْتَدَأَ يَسُوعُ كَانَ لَهُ نَحْوُ ثَلاَثِينَ سَنَةً، وَهُوَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ يُظَنُّ ابْنَ يُوسُفَ، بْنِ هَالِي، 24 بْنِ مَتْثَاتَ، ——– 38 بْنِ أَنُوشَ، بْنِ شِيتِ، بْنِ آدَمَ، ابْنِ اللهِ. Luke 3 New International Version 23 Now Jesus himself was about thirty years old when he began his ministry. He was the son, so it was thought, of Joseph, the son of Heli, 24 the son of Matthat,—— 38 the son of Enosh, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God. سفر الخروج 4 22 فَتَقُولُ لِفِرْعَوْنَ: هكَذَا يَقُولُ الرَّبُّ: إِسْرَائِيلُ ابْنِي الْبِكْرُ. Exodus 4 New International Version 22 Then say to Pharaoh, ‘This is what the Lord says: Israel is my firstborn son.
سفر صموئيل الثاني 7 13 هُوَ يَبْنِي بَيْتًا لاسْمِي، وَأَنَا أُثَبِّتُ كُرْسِيَّ مَمْلَكَتِهِ إِلَى الأَبَدِ. 14 أَنَا أَكُونُ لَهُ أَبًا وَهُوَ يَكُونُ لِيَ ابْنًا. إِنْ تَعَوَّجَ أُؤَدِّبْهُ بِقَضِيبِ النَّاسِ وَبِضَرَبَاتِ بَنِي آدَمَ. 2 Samuel 7 King James Version 13 He shall build an house for my name, and I will stablish the throne of his kingdom for ever. 14 I will be his father, and he shall be my son. (refers to David) رسالة بولس الرسول إلى العبرانيين 7 1 لأَنَّ مَلْكِي صَادَقَ هذَا، مَلِكَ سَالِيمَ، كَاهِنَ اللهِ الْعَلِيِّ، الَّذِي اسْتَقْبَلَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ رَاجِعًا مِنْ كَسْرَةِ الْمُلُوكِ وَبَارَكَهُ،2 الَّذِي قَسَمَ لَهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ عُشْرًا مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ. الْمُتَرْجَمَ أَوَّلًا «مَلِكَ الْبِرِّ» ثُمَّ أَيْضًا «مَلِكَ سَالِيمَ» أَيْ «مَلِكَ السَّلاَمِ» 3 بِلاَ أَبٍ، بِلاَ أُمٍّ، بِلاَ نَسَبٍ. لاَ بَدَاءَةَ أَيَّامٍ لَهُ وَلاَ نِهَايَةَ حَيَاةٍ. بَلْ هُوَ مُشَبَّهٌ بِابْنِ اللهِ. هذَا يَبْقَى كَاهِنًا إِلَى الأَبَدِ Hebrews 7 New International Version 7 This Melchizedek was king of Salem and priest of God Most High. He met Abraham returning from the defeat of the kings and blessed him, 2 and Abraham gave him a tenth of everything. First, the name Melchizedek means “king of righteousness”; then also, “king of Salem” means “king of peace.” 3 Without father or mother, without genealogy, without beginning of days or end of life, resembling the Son of God, he remains a priest forever. (note that neither Arabic or the original Aramaic languages has upper and lower cases and therefore writing one prophet using the lower case “son of God” and another using the upper case “Son of God”, is misleading. Note also that the Arabic text uses Allah instead of God)
| قُلۡ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ (١) ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ (٢) لَمۡ يَلِدۡ وَلَمۡ يُولَدۡ (٣) وَلَمۡ يَكُن لَّهُ ۥ ڪُفُوًا أَحَدٌ (٤) “Say: He is Allah, the One (1) Allah is Besought of all, needing none. (2) He neither begets anyone nor was He begotten/ (3) And there is none comparable unto Him.” (Al-Ikhlas 112:1-4)
فَاطِرُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٲتِ وَٱلۡأَرۡضِۚ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنۡ أَنفُسِكُمۡ أَزۡوَٲجً۬ا وَمِنَ ٱلۡأَنۡعَـٰمِ أَزۡوَٲجً۬اۖ يَذۡرَؤُكُمۡ فِيهِۚ لَيۡسَ كَمِثۡلِهِۦ شَىۡءٌ۬ۖ وَهُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلۡبَصِيرُ (١١) “He is the Creator of the heavens and the earth. He has made for you pairs from among yourselves, and pairs from the cattle whereby He multiplies you. Nothing is like Him. And He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing.” (Al-Shura 42:11)
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